Indiki bitmiş və keçmiş zaman

Əvvəlcə aşağıdakı misallara baxaq:

Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it.
He has lost his key. (present perfect)
This means that he doesn't have his key now.

Ten minutes later:

Now Tom has found his key. He has it now.
Has he lost his key? (present perfect) No, he hasn't. He has found it.
Did he lose his key? (past simple) Yes, he did.
He lost his key (past simple) but now he has found it. (present perfect)

İndiki bitmiş zaman indiki zamanın bir növüdür və o, həmişə indi ilə əlaqəsi olan bir hərəkəti ifadə edir:

'Tom has lost his key' = he doesn't have his key now

Keçmiş zaman isə yalnız keçmişdə olmuş hərəkəti ifadə edir:

'Tom lost his key', we don't know whether he has it now or not. We only know that he lost it at some time in the past.

Jack grew a beard but now he has shaved it off. (so he doesn't have a beard now)
They went out after lunch and they've just come back. (so they are back now)

Əgər hadisənin indi ilə əlaqəsi yoxdursa indiki bitmiş zamandan istifadə etmək olmaz:

The Chinese invented printing, ('have invented' -- yox)
How many plays did Shakespeare write? ('has Shakespeare written' -- yox)
Beethoven was a great composer. ('has been' -- yox)

Müqayisə edək:

Shakespeare wrote many plays.
My sister is a writer. She has written many books. (she still writes books)

İndiki bitmiş zamandan adətən nəsə haqqında yeni məlumat vermək üçün istifadə edilir. Əgər bu məlumat haqqında danışmağı davam ediriksə daha sonra keçmiş zamandan istifadə edirik:

A: Ow! I've burnt myself.
B: How did you do that? ('have you done' -- yox)
A: I picked up a hot dish. ('have picked' -- yox)

A: Look! Somebody has spilt milk on the carpet.
B: Well, it wasn't me. I didn't do it. ('hasn't been...haven't done' -- yox)
A: I wonder who it was then. ('who it has been' -- yox)